Navigation

  • Skip to Content

i.ntnu.no

NTNU Home
  • News
  • My profile
  • For employees
  • For students
Advanced search and filtering

Other search options

Research
Literature search (Oria)
Research data
Publications (Cristin)
Education
Courses
Study programmes
Syllabus (Leganto)
Teaching rooms
Digital learning resources (LOR)
Lecture videos (Panopto)
Other
Find employees
Search ntnu.edu
Office 365
Map, building, room (MazeMap)
NTNU photos
Blackboard
Inspera
Microsoft 365
Webmail
Course schedules
Book rooms
Studentweb
Library
NTNU Hjelp
  • Exam
  • Campus map (MazeMap)
  • Studying abroad
  • Academic writing
  • Software
  • Student guidance
  • Career
  • Special needs accommodation
  • Speak up!
More services
Blackboard
Inspera
Library
Webmail
Microsoft 365
Book rooms
Self-service portal
Travel
NTNU Hjelp
  • Purchasing
  • Campus map (MazeMap)
  • Building services
  • Logo, templates and graphic profile
  • Teaching and learning support — for teachers
  • KASPER — tool for education quality
  • Register research in Cristin
  • Skills development and courses
  • Speak up!
More services

Breadcrumb

  • For students
  • Literature
  • Academic writing
  • Write Academically
  • Structuring your thesis
  • IMRAD-structure
News My profile For students For employees Norsk Sign in

IMRAD-structure

×
  • Write Academically
    • Planning your thesis
    • Structuring your thesis
      • IMRAD-structure
      • Strukture in a empirical thesis
      • Structure in a literature review
    • Writing your thesis
    • The writing process
  • Finding sources
  • Using and citing sources
  • Tools for academic writing
  • Glossary of terms

UB - Logo

​​​​​​Logo: NTNU Universitetsbiblioteket

MENU

Language Selector

Norwegian Bokmål

IMRAD-structure

IMRAD-structure

In some fields, bachelor’s and master’s theses and scientific research articles usually have a structure that follows the IMRaD model. IMRaD stands for

  • Introduction
  • Material and method
  • Results
  • And
  • Discussion

Introduction

In the introduction, you place yourself within a scientific field and demonstrate that you are knowledgeable about previous research. The introduction should introduce your readers to what they already know, and what they do not know.

You do this by:

  • presenting the problem or phenomenon you set out to study
  • presenting other research conducted within the same field
  • indicating gaps in information that you seek to fill out
  • presenting the research questions or hypotheses you intend to investigate

Towards the end of the introduction, you could also explain briefly your text is structured, as a short guide to the reader.

Material and method

In this section, you should describe your method and your material. Then, you should explain how you conducted your research, and how you analysed your findings. In so doing, you show that the results were generated in a reliable, valid manner. If your research had to be approved by an ethical committee, you should also mention this.

If you are writing a literature review, the method section will be a little different. Read more

Results

You should present your results as objectively as possible. You do this by presenting, explaining, and evaluating them. For example, if your results are inconsistent with other studies, you should include this information.

Discussion

In the discussion, you should explain and interpret your results.

  • How do the results correspond with your research questions?
  • What are the implications of these results?

A good tip is to revisit your research questions to remind your reader of that they were.

You should also compare your results to existing results from other studies:

  • What did these studies find?
  • How do your findings relate to theirs?
  • How reliable and relevant are your findings?
  • You should also demonstrate how important your findings are, and to whom.

You should look back at your research and evaluate its reliability and validity.

  • What could you have done differently?
  • Does it have any particularly strong or weak points?

You could, for example, critically evaluate the methods you have used, and explain what you could have done differently.

The discussion should also offer suggestions for future research based on your findings. Perhaps there are some aspects that should be studied more closely? You can also suggest practices that need changing or call for action.

Finally, your discussion should offer a conclusion or summary of your findings.

Kontakt - akademisk skriving

Kontakt

  • Har du spørsmål om oppgaveskriving? - Kontakt NTNU Universitetsbiblioteket
  • Har du endringsforslag til siden? - Kontakt Marit Brodshaug​​​​​​​

Innholdet er utarbeidet av

Senter for faglig kommunikasjon (SEKOM) og NTNU Universitetsbiblioteket

​​​​​​​

NTNU

Security

  • Emergency
  • Emergency planning
  • Information Security
  • HME

Content

  • Topics A to Z
  • Wiki search
  • For students
  • For employees
  • Innsida help

Contact

  • NTNU Help
  • Speak up!
  • Contact NTNU

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Use of cookies
Accessibility statement (in Norwegian)
Privacy policy
Editoral responsibility